The task required me to go to the Australian copyright council, when it loaded I opened the Copyright Information section and clicked view All Information Sheets.
I chose five information sheets that may be associated to me as an undergraduate.
The first information sheet I decided to choose was Journalists and copyright G081.
Copyright protects four pieces of work by a journalist these include: press articles, reports, scripts and interviews, though information, ideas, styles and techniques are not protected by copyright. It is possible to do research and take data and ideas from a source and write about them but as soon as this is copied completely this will cause an infringement of copyright (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 1).
Titles and sub titles of documents are not protected from copyright (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 1). Copyright in Australia is automatic and free so therefore no registration needs to take place. The owner of writing material have the right to publish their work to the public, broadcast it to the public in other ways, reproduce the work, perform in public or make a translation or draw an image (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 2).
The owner of copyright in print media before 1st May 1969 is to that of the publisher, after this date and before 30th July 1998 the publisher owns the work for the production in a newspaper, magazine or other journal but the rest of the rights are owned by the employed journalist. On or after 30th July 1998 the journalist has the right to photocopy or reproduce the works in a book whereas the publisher has all other writes; the journalist has no control over digital files but can come to agreement with their employer (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 2).
A piece of work can be written by joint ownership which is where two or more authors have created it and what each author has contributed towards it cannot be defined it is given this title. If the writers are freelancers and someone wants to reproduce the works they must ask permission from all of the writers though if they are staff journalists the copyright goes to the employer (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 3).
Copyright owners can sell or permit others to their work so they can be used with certain rights depending on what the contract is; this must be in writing and signed to be accepted (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 3).
Writers have moral rights if their work is affected in any way where they can take action if not properly authorised or offended. Copyright for the works of the journalist occupation lasts a lifetime plus seventy years (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 4).
The second information sheet I decided to choose was Moral rights G043.
Morals rights are rights that a creator has to their works (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 2).
The types of material that it applies to includes: literary, artistic, music, dramatic, computer programs and cinematograph films. Moral rights come automatically into play and therefore no registration needs to be made (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 2).
The moral rights last a lifetime and generally an extra seventy years on top of that. Moral rights can be assigned so that works can be reproduced but cannot be sold. Creators of artistic, dramatic, literary and musical works have the right of a credit when their work is used. The creator needs to be attributed or credited when reproduced, published, shown in public or adapted (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 3).
Attribution does not need to take place when the creator has consented that they wish to not be identified or it is reasonable not to include their name (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 3).
The creator also has a right not to have the authorship of their works falsely attributed. This occurs when the writer has been credited incorrectly or the works have been altered but no indication as to which part (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 3).
Creators of artistic, dramatic, literary and musical works have the right to take action against a person who criticises or insults a piece of work after 21st December 2000 not taking into account when the work was published or written (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 4).
The third information sheet I decided to choose was Quotes and extractions: copyright obligations G34.
A quote can either be a section or an entire quote from a piece of writing. In both instances it needs to be acknowledged. A quote can be important and used to backup another piece of writing. In some cases a phrase or term is too short to quote and therefore is not protected by copyright. There are two exceptions to infringement where copyright does not need to take place which is in criticism/review or is study/research (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 2).
In the purpose of criticism or review an extract of literary work can be made but to make the exemption the work and author must be clearly stated. For the purpose of study or research a piece of work can be used without the permission of the copyright owner. Ten per cent of a text may be used and it is possible to use a quote or extract for an essay without providing acknowledgement (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 3).
When reporting the news a piece of work can be used in the form of communications but when it is a print median that work and author must both be stated. Creators of works have moral rights so they have rights to being attributed properly for their work and if they do not believe this is so they can take action (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 3).
The fourth information sheet I decided to choose was Writers & copyright G13.
No process needs to be taken to have your work protected as it is automatically copyrighted. The person who creates copyright material may no be the owner. Writers have moral rights even if they do not possess copyright of it (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 1).
When an agreement has been made in writing it will say who has copyright rights. If you are part of staff the employer will own the copyright. If under freelance stance, or contract this document may say who has copyright rights. Though when someone has paid you for a piece of work, they have the right to use the work it was commissioned for but will not have ownership of it (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 2).
As a copyright owner this is the only person who can release the works into public either for the first time or as a reproduction, as a performance, or translation or image form (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 2).
Copyright rights can be assigned to another person, which is where the rights are being sold or transferred to them. Licensing a work means that you still have ownership rights but some else uses the work in forms that have been agreed on this may include for different publications such as in a book (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 2).
Moral rights are in play of writers and copyright where the writer can take legal action if their work is not attributed properly or it has been offended. Copyright lasts a lifetime plus seventy years but if the work is not published then there is no expiry date (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 3).
The fifth information sheet I decided to choose was Research or study G53 v07.
Copyright will not be infringed if used for the purpose of research or study and is used fairly this does not mean you have to be in a course. In certain cases a librarian can copy material for you as long as it has to do with research or study (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 1).
For a text or printed music which has ten or more pages it is considered fair to copy ten percent of the number of pages or one chapter. For a text in electronic form, it is considered fair to copy ten percent of the number of words or one chapter (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 1).
A periodical article can be reproduced or more than one article if they are all in the same area of study or research. If copying more than the allocated amounts of fairness then some factors need to be thought about such as the purpose of the research (much fairer for a course rather than using it commercially), depending on the level of work or degree, obtaining the work cheaper (such as photocopying the entire book) and whether copying large sections that are important compared to a small section which is unimportant fair or not (Australian Copyright Council, 2006, p. 2).
Task 2 – Online Music Copyright:
Any use of copyrighted music requires appropriate acknowledgement from the creator or copyright owner as music can be downloaded for free on the internet, musicians do not paid for their work. Copyright owners have several rights which include the reproduction to their own music and the right to release music to the public, therefore wherever music is available to download or to be streamed these rights are exploited. There are several associations which deal with online licences such as AMCOS and APRA which can help musicians obtain royalties by online streaming, digital online music downloading and mobile phone caller tones.
Task 3 – Plan For Protection Against Attacks on Privacy and Security:
I went onto the About.com Internet /Network Security section and looked through several of the articles that were located on this main page, these lead me to other articles until I found the information I required to complete part of the task.
Tony Bradley [n.d.], discusses three simple steps to protect a user’s computer whilst online. The first is to install anti-virus software, update the program regularly and scan your system on a weekly basis. The second is to not open suspicious emails, delete any that are not from some one you know or if it is and it has an attachment contact the person to make sure they did send it to you. The third step is to make sure that there are no vulnerabilities and that there patches on your system so that they are always updated such as internet explorer, email programs or 3rd party tools.
Tony Bradley [n.d.], gives instructions on configuring internet explorer security where Internet Explorer places websites into four different zones which include: internet, local intranet, trusted sites and restricted sites. From here there are different four different levels listed: low, medium low, medium and high. Each of these levels will affect the types of online material that can be accessed. The higher the restriction level the less websites the user will be able to access, it is recommended to leave the levels at the Microsoft default settings.
Tony Bradley [n.d.], describes five steps to avoid Spyware these include:
Be careful where and what you download.
Always read the End User License Agreement (technical and legal information).
Click okay or next only if you have read setup instructions thoroughly.
Use a scanner which can search for all the problems: worms, trojans, vulnerability exploits, jokes, viruses, hoaxes, spyware and adware.
Scan your system as some spyware and adaware can still get through. Some programs have a live option which runs while you are online but these usually have to be paid for unlike the free ones which you have to scan manually.
Tony Bradley [n.d.], states another way to protect a users email account by using an encryption method. You have a Public Key Infrastructure which allows you to send emails to only people that it is meant for, and only this way will the recipients know that if they receive mail without your encryption on it that is not actually from you. If they want to send a message to you, they will also use your encryption key so that you are the only one that can read it. If you only use the key for important information a hacker may realize this but if all your messages are encrypted then it will be too much bother for a hacker to go through hundreds of messages to find nothing.
According to PC Magazine [n.d.], Symantec has made a thorough check on Microsoft Vista and compiled research papers. The User Access Control that features on Windows Vista was the main point of discussion as it allows users to accept or decline programs from running on their system but Symantec claimed that malware or another harmful unwanted file could affect it. In Microsoft’s defence it was said that it is a program to make you think about what you are going to run and it was not designed to stop harmful software that is where antivirus programs come into play.
Marshall Brain [n.d.], believes that by following several steps you can avoid viruses. These include:
If you are worried about viruses use the operating system UNIX which contains a security system which keeps viruses and hackers away from the hard drive.
If you own an unsecured operating system purchase virus protection software.
Avoid programs or downloads from unknown sources, just use commercial ones.
Have the Macro Virus Protection enabled on all Microsoft products and never run macros unless you are sure you know what they do.
Never opening email attachments that contain an executable file, as soon as these are open they can do what ever damage they want to do.
Therefore by completing this task I have come to the conclusion that a user should be sensible by using anti-virus programs, not opening unknown sender emails, sticking to known programs and websites, backing up all your information and using passwords should help avoid viruses, Trojans and any other unwanted problems.
Reference List:
Australian Copyright Council [2006]. Journalists and copyright. Retrieved May 29, 2008, from: http://www.copyright.org.au/publications/G081.pdf
Australian Copyright Council [2006]. Moral rights. Retrieved May 29, 2008, from:
http://www.copyright.org.au/publications/G043.pdf
Australian Copyright Council [2006]. Quotes and extractions: copyright obligations. Retrieved May 29, 2008, from: http://www.copyright.org.au/publications/G034.pdf
Australian Copyright Council [2007]. Research or study. Retrieved May 29, 2008, from: http://www.copyright.org.au/publications/G053.pdf
Australian Copyright Council [2006]. Writers & copyright. Retrieved May 29, 2008, from: http://www.copyright.org.au/publications/G013.pdf
Australasian Performing Right Association [2008]. Online and Mobile - ONLINE MUSIC, DOWNLOADING and MUSIC COPYRIGHT. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from: APRA/AMICOS: http://www.apra.com.au/music-users/online_mobile/online_mobile.asp
Bradley, T [n.d.]. Security Basics For Home Computing. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from About.com: http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/generalsecurity/a/aa100803.htm
Bradley, T [n.d.]. How To Configure Internet Explorer Security. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from About.com: http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/tutorials/ht/ht020203.htm
Bradley, T [n.d.]. Protect Yourself From Spyware. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from About.com: http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/generalsecurity/a/aa050204.htm
Bradley, T [n.d.]. Why You Should Encrypt Your Email. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from About.com: http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/emailsecurity/a/aa051004.htm
PC Magazine [n.d.]. Security Watch: Check Your E-Mail and Save Your Domain - Vista and Malware. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from PC Magazine: http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2100446,00.asp
PC Magazine [n.d.]. Security Watch: Check Your E-Mail and Save Your Domain - Top Phish of the Week. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from PC Magazine:
http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2100447,00.asp
Brain , M [n.d.]. How Computer Viruses Work. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from How Stuff Works: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/virus6.htm
McCandlish, S [2002]. EFF's Top 12 Ways to Protect Your Online Privacy. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from: Electronic Frontier Foundation: http://www.eff.org/wp/effs-top-12-ways-protect-your-online-privacy
NC State University - Department of Computer Science [n.d.]. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from NC State University: http://ethics.csc.ncsu.edu/social/workplace/monitoring/
Brown & Michaels [n.d.]. Overview of Intellectual Property. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from Brown & Michaels: http://www.bpmlegal.com/overview.html
Richards, J [2008]. Google could be superseded: Berners-Lee. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from AustralianIT News: http://www.australianit.news.com.au/story/0,24897,23368264-16123,00.html
Lecture:
In this week's lecture there were several questions to be answered these included:
Australian Copyright Council [2006]. Quotes and extractions: copyright obligations. Retrieved May 29, 2008, from: http://www.copyright.org.au/publications/G034.pdf
Australian Copyright Council [2007]. Research or study. Retrieved May 29, 2008, from: http://www.copyright.org.au/publications/G053.pdf
Australian Copyright Council [2006]. Writers & copyright. Retrieved May 29, 2008, from: http://www.copyright.org.au/publications/G013.pdf
Australasian Performing Right Association [2008]. Online and Mobile - ONLINE MUSIC, DOWNLOADING and MUSIC COPYRIGHT. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from: APRA/AMICOS: http://www.apra.com.au/music-users/online_mobile/online_mobile.asp
Bradley, T [n.d.]. Security Basics For Home Computing. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from About.com: http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/generalsecurity/a/aa100803.htm
Bradley, T [n.d.]. How To Configure Internet Explorer Security. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from About.com: http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/tutorials/ht/ht020203.htm
Bradley, T [n.d.]. Protect Yourself From Spyware. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from About.com: http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/generalsecurity/a/aa050204.htm
Bradley, T [n.d.]. Why You Should Encrypt Your Email. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from About.com: http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/emailsecurity/a/aa051004.htm
PC Magazine [n.d.]. Security Watch: Check Your E-Mail and Save Your Domain - Vista and Malware. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from PC Magazine: http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2100446,00.asp
PC Magazine [n.d.]. Security Watch: Check Your E-Mail and Save Your Domain - Top Phish of the Week. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from PC Magazine:
http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2100447,00.asp
Brain , M [n.d.]. How Computer Viruses Work. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from How Stuff Works: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/virus6.htm
McCandlish, S [2002]. EFF's Top 12 Ways to Protect Your Online Privacy. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from: Electronic Frontier Foundation: http://www.eff.org/wp/effs-top-12-ways-protect-your-online-privacy
NC State University - Department of Computer Science [n.d.]. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from NC State University: http://ethics.csc.ncsu.edu/social/workplace/monitoring/
Brown & Michaels [n.d.]. Overview of Intellectual Property. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from Brown & Michaels: http://www.bpmlegal.com/overview.html
Richards, J [2008]. Google could be superseded: Berners-Lee. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from AustralianIT News: http://www.australianit.news.com.au/story/0,24897,23368264-16123,00.html
Lecture:
In this week's lecture there were several questions to be answered these included:
1. What are the characteristics of the internet that’s cause problems for users?
2. What is the intellectual property and what are the ways it is protected?
3. What is plagiarism and how do you avoid it?
4. What are some of the security risks associated with using the internet?
5. How can you protect yourself from these issues?
This week's lecture mainly spoke about problems that can occur on the internet and how to avoid them. It covered the problems of fine line between reality and cyberspace.
Tutorial:
This week's tutorial was made up of our tutor speaking of problems with the internet and how to go about completing our workshop. Our tutor helped with explaining how to insert a video into blogger.com properly.
Reading of the Week:
EFF's Top 12 Ways to Protect Your Online Privacy by Stanton McCandlish states twelve tips to protect your online privacy. These include:
Tutorial:
This week's tutorial was made up of our tutor speaking of problems with the internet and how to go about completing our workshop. Our tutor helped with explaining how to insert a video into blogger.com properly.
Reading of the Week:
EFF's Top 12 Ways to Protect Your Online Privacy by Stanton McCandlish states twelve tips to protect your online privacy. These include:
1. Do not reveal personal information
2. Turn on the cookie function in your Internet explorer.
3. Have an email address which is different to your user name/s.
4. Do not give information to strangers or internet friends.
5. You may be under surveillance with each step you take at work, avoid sending highly personal emails until you are at home and keep important files on your home computer.
6. Beware of websites that offer rewards and prizes for personal details.
7. Do not reply to spammers.
8. Be wary of Web security.
9. Know your home computer security.
10. Read through privacy policies.
11. “Remember that YOU decide what information about yourself to reveal, when,
why, and to whom”.
12. Encryption can be a valuable tool to keep unwanted guest out.
Electronic Monitoring by NC State University - Department of Computer Science contains many links to the area of monitoring but the links on the actual site did not function properly and gave HTTP 404 Error’s. The only link in relation to the actual website was the main link which brought me back to the main page of monitoring. There were however many links to other websites.
These included:
Types of Monitoring:
Workplace Privacy and Employee Monitoring
http://www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs7-work.htm
CNN.com - Career - Monitoring employees: Eyes in the workplace
http://archives.cnn.com/2001/CAREER/trends/01/02/surveillence/
Blogging is all fun and games, until the boss finds out
http://money.cnn.com/2005/02/14/news/economy/blogging/
Technological Surveilence in the Workplace
http://www.fwlaw.com/techsurv.html
Keystroke Loggers Save E-mail Rants, Raising Workplace Privacy Concerns
http://www.calbaptist.edu/dskubik/security.htm
Legal Issues:
Monitoring in the Workplace: Legal Entitlements
http://cse.stanford.edu/class/cs201/projects-95-96/electronic-monitoring/LegalEntitlements.html
Right to Privacy in the Workplace in the Information Age
http://www.publaw.com/privacy.html
In Defense of Employees:
Employers OK with e-surfing
http://www.computerworld.com/managementtopics/ebusiness/story/0,10801,55344,00.html
I was fired for Blogging
http://news.cnet.com/I+was+fired+for+blogging/2010-1030_3-5490836.html
Through the Keyhole: Privacy in the Workplace, an Endangered Right
http://www.aclu.org/Privacy/Privacy.cfm?ID=14172&c=132
In Defense of Employers:
Monitoring in the Workplace: Legal Responsibilities
http://www.aclu.org/Privacy/Privacy.cfm?ID=14172&c=132
Monitoring in the Workplace: The Bottom Line
http://cse.stanford.edu/class/cs201/projects-95-96/electronic-monitoring/The%27BottomLine%27.html
Workplace Privacy? Forget it!
http://www.bankrate.com/brm/news/advice/20050718a1.asp
Cases:
Case 1
http://www.gahtan.com/alan/articles/monitor.htm
Case 2
http://businessjournal.net/stories/030697/monitoring.html
Suggested Policies:
Blogging employees? Get a policy
http://www.zdnet.co.uk/other/0,39020682,39187238,00.htm
Who to Monitor - Ask the Expert
http://www2.cio.com/ask/expert/2005/questions/question2053.html
CNN.com - Avoiding getting fired for Blogging
http://edition.cnn.com/2005/US/Careers/04/05/blogging/
Privacy Resources:
Privacy International
http://www.privacyinternational.org/
Epic's
http://www.rewi.hu-berlin.de/Datenschutz/EPICAlert/Guide.html
The Electronic Messaging Association
http://www.ema.org/
How Workplace Surveillance Works,
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/workplace-surveillance.htm
Overview of Intellectual Property by Brown & Michaels spoke about how to protect patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets and also went into more depth about the legal side of computer software and domain names.
Google could be superseded: Berners-Lee by Jonathan Richards, describes that the semantic web could shut down Google as it is only a search engine that finds pages. Whereas the semantic web will allow a user to do so much more finding exact street names or the example that the writer used which was what happens if bank statements can work with a calendar. The future of the internet lies with the semantic web according to Richards.
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